pharmacology and social behavior.

The chemical structure of ?-PVP is closely related to that of pyrovalerone, another stimulant that has been used in medical contexts. Specifically, ?-PVP is the ketone analog of prolintane, which highlights its structural similarities and potential pharmacological effects. The modifications in its molecular structure contribute to its stimulant properties, which can lead to increased energy, heightened alertness, and euphoria. However, these effects come at a cost, as ?-PVP has been associated with a range of adverse effects including anxiety, paranoia, and severe agitation.